Câu gián tiếp (Reported Speech) là một chủ đề quan trọng trong ngữ pháp tiếng Anh mà bất cứ ai học tiếng Anh đều cần nắm vững. Nếu bạn muốn nâng cao kỹ năng giao tiếp và viết lách, việc hiểu rõ và sử dụng thành thạo câu gián tiếp sẽ giúp bạn dễ dàng chuyển đổi từ việc tường thuật lời nói trực tiếp sang gián tiếp, đồng thời biểu đạt một cách tinh tế và tự nhiên hơn. Bài viết dưới đây sẽ giải thích chi tiết về khái niệm, cấu trúc, cách sử dụng, và các lưu ý quan trọng khi chuyển đổi từ câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp.
Bài viết liên quan:
100 bài tập Reported Speech – câu gián tiếp trong tiếng Anh.
Bài cũ:
Cấu trúc câu điều kiện loại 3 (Third Conditional).
Câu gián tiếp là gì?
Câu gián tiếp, hay còn gọi là Reported Speech, là câu dùng để tường thuật lại lời nói, suy nghĩ, hoặc cảm xúc của người khác mà không trích dẫn nguyên văn. Thay vì sử dụng dấu ngoặc kép như trong câu trực tiếp, người nói sẽ thay đổi cấu trúc của câu để phù hợp với bối cảnh.
Ví dụ:
- Câu trực tiếp: John said, “I am tired.”
- Câu gián tiếp: John said that he was tired.
Câu trực tiếp: Mary said, “I am hungry.”
Câu gián tiếp: Mary said that she was hungry.
Câu trực tiếp: They said, “We are going to the park.”
Câu gián tiếp: They said that they were going to the park.
Câu trực tiếp: He said, “I can play the piano.”
Câu gián tiếp: He said that he could play the piano.
Câu trực tiếp: She said, “I have finished my homework.”
Câu gián tiếp: She said that she had finished her homework.
Câu trực tiếp: John said, “I will go to the store.”
Câu gián tiếp: John said that he would go to the store.
Câu trực tiếp: They said, “We were at the party last night.”
Câu gián tiếp: They said that they had been at the party the previous night.
Câu trực tiếp: She said, “I have never seen that movie.”
Câu gián tiếp: She said that she had never seen that movie.
Câu trực tiếp: He said, “I must leave now.”
Câu gián tiếp: He said that he had to leave then.
Câu trực tiếp: They said, “We are planning a trip.”
Câu gián tiếp: They said that they were planning a trip.
Câu trực tiếp: She said, “I can help you tomorrow.”
Câu gián tiếp: She said that she could help me the next day.
Câu trực tiếp: He said, “I am feeling better today.”
Câu gián tiếp: He said that he was feeling better that day.
Câu trực tiếp: Mary said, “I will meet you at 5 PM.”
Câu gián tiếp: Mary said that she would meet me at 5 PM.
Câu trực tiếp: They said, “We are moving next month.”
Câu gián tiếp: They said that they were moving the following month.
Câu trực tiếp: He said, “I was watching TV when you called.”
Câu gián tiếp: He said that he had been watching TV when I called.
Câu trực tiếp: She said, “I will study harder.”
Câu gián tiếp: She said that she would study harder.
Câu trực tiếp: They said, “We have been waiting for an hour.”
Câu gián tiếp: They said that they had been waiting for an hour.
Câu trực tiếp: He said, “I am going to quit my job.”
Câu gián tiếp: He said that he was going to quit his job.
Câu trực tiếp: She said, “I might go to the concert.”
Câu gián tiếp: She said that she might go to the concert.
Câu trực tiếp: They said, “We had dinner at 8 PM.”
Câu gián tiếp: They said that they had had dinner at 8 PM.
Câu trực tiếp: He said, “I will call you later.”
Câu gián tiếp: He said that he would call me later.
Câu trực tiếp: She said, “I can’t find my keys.”
Câu gián tiếp: She said that she couldn’t find her keys.
Câu trực tiếp: They said, “We are traveling to Japan next year.”
Câu gián tiếp: They said that they were traveling to Japan the following year.
Câu trực tiếp: He said, “I am tired of waiting.”
Câu gián tiếp: He said that he was tired of waiting.
Câu trực tiếp: She said, “I had already seen that movie.”
Câu gián tiếp: She said that she had already seen that movie.
Câu trực tiếp: They said, “We must finish the project soon.”
Câu gián tiếp: They said that they had to finish the project soon.
Câu trực tiếp: He said, “I haven’t received the email yet.”
Câu gián tiếp: He said that he hadn’t received the email yet.
Câu trực tiếp: She said, “I am working on a new project.”
Câu gián tiếp: She said that she was working on a new project.
Câu trực tiếp: They said, “We were late for the meeting.”
Câu gián tiếp: They said that they had been late for the meeting.
Câu trực tiếp: He said, “I will be there at 6 PM.”
Câu gián tiếp: He said that he would be there at 6 PM.
Câu trực tiếp: She said, “I can’t come to the party.”
Câu gián tiếp: She said that she couldn’t come to the party.
Câu trực tiếp: They said, “We are going to buy a new house.”
Câu gián tiếp: They said that they were going to buy a new house.
Câu trực tiếp: He said, “I was playing football when it started raining.”
Câu gián tiếp: He said that he had been playing football when it started raining.
Câu trực tiếp: She said, “I will help you with the report.”
Câu gián tiếp: She said that she would help me with the report.
Câu trực tiếp: They said, “We have booked our tickets.”
Câu gián tiếp: They said that they had booked their tickets.
Câu trực tiếp: He said, “I need to finish this by tomorrow.”
Câu gián tiếp: He said that he needed to finish that by the next day.
Câu trực tiếp: She said, “I am learning French.”
Câu gián tiếp: She said that she was learning French.
Câu trực tiếp: They said, “We might go to the beach this weekend.”
Câu gián tiếp: They said that they might go to the beach that weekend.
Câu trực tiếp: He said, “I haven’t been feeling well.”
Câu gián tiếp: He said that he hadn’t been feeling well.
Câu trực tiếp: She said, “I am tired of this job.”
Câu gián tiếp: She said that she was tired of that job.
Câu trực tiếp: They said, “We are planning to visit our parents.”
Câu gián tiếp: They said that they were planning to visit their parents.
Câu trực tiếp: He said, “I was working on my assignment all night.”
Câu gián tiếp: He said that he had been working on his assignment all night.
Câu trực tiếp: She said, “I will not attend the meeting.”
Câu gián tiếp: She said that she would not attend the meeting.
Câu trực tiếp: They said, “We have already submitted the report.”
Câu gián tiếp: They said that they had already submitted the report.
Câu trực tiếp: He said, “I must go now.”
Câu gián tiếp: He said that he had to go then.
Câu trực tiếp: She said, “I was reading a book when you called.”
Câu gián tiếp: She said that she had been reading a book when I called.
Câu trực tiếp: They said, “We can finish this tomorrow.”
Câu gián tiếp: They said that they could finish that the next day.
Câu trực tiếp: He said, “I am really busy right now.”
Câu gián tiếp: He said that he was really busy at that moment.
Câu trực tiếp: She said, “I have been working here for five years.”
Câu gián tiếp: She said that she had been working there for five years.
Câu trực tiếp: They said, “We will discuss this in the meeting.”
Câu gián tiếp: They said that they would discuss that in the meeting.
Câu trực tiếp: He said, “I haven’t decided yet.”
Câu gián tiếp: He said that he hadn’t decided yet.
Cấu trúc chung của câu gián tiếp
Khi chuyển từ câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp, bạn cần chú ý một số yếu tố như đại từ, thì của động từ, và các trạng từ chỉ thời gian hoặc địa điểm. Cấu trúc chung của câu gián tiếp như sau:
Subject + Reporting Verb (say, tell, ask, etc.) + that + Clause
Ví dụ:
- Câu trực tiếp: “She is going to the store,” he said.
- Câu gián tiếp: He said that she was going to the store.
Các nguyên tắc chuyển đổi thì trong câu gián tiếp
Khi chuyển từ câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp, thì của động từ thường thay đổi theo nguyên tắc lùi thì. Dưới đây là bảng lùi thì phổ biến trong câu gián tiếp:
| Câu trực tiếp | Câu gián tiếp |
|---|
| Present Simple | Past Simple |
| Present Continuous | Past Continuous |
| Present Perfect | Past Perfect |
| Past Simple | Past Perfect |
| Future Simple | Would + Verb |
Ví dụ:
- Câu trực tiếp: “I will call you tomorrow,” she said.
- Câu gián tiếp: She said that she would call me the next day.
Cách chuyển đổi đại từ và trạng từ trong câu gián tiếp
Khi chuyển đổi câu trực tiếp sang gián tiếp, bạn cần thay đổi đại từ và trạng từ chỉ thời gian hoặc địa điểm để câu trở nên logic và phù hợp hơn với ngữ cảnh mới.
Các đại từ thường gặp:
- I → He/She
- We → They
- You → I/We
Các trạng từ chỉ thời gian/địa điểm:
- Now → Then
- Today → That day
- Tomorrow → The next day
- Here → There
Ví dụ:
- Câu trực tiếp: “I am meeting him here tomorrow,” she said.
- Câu gián tiếp: She said that she was meeting him there the next day.
Một số trường hợp ngoại lệ
Có một số câu không cần lùi thì trong câu gián tiếp, như khi tường thuật sự thật hiển nhiên hoặc những sự việc vẫn còn đúng tại thời điểm nói:
Ví dụ:
- Câu trực tiếp: “Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius,” the teacher said.
- Câu gián tiếp: The teacher said that water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.
Ngoài ra, trong một số trường hợp, câu hỏi, mệnh lệnh và yêu cầu cũng có cấu trúc câu gián tiếp đặc biệt:
- Câu hỏi: Thay đổi thứ tự câu hỏi về câu khẳng định.
- Câu trực tiếp: “What are you doing?” she asked.
- Câu gián tiếp: She asked what I was doing.
- Mệnh lệnh và yêu cầu: Sử dụng to + động từ nguyên mẫu.
- Câu trực tiếp: “Please close the door,” he said.
- Câu gián tiếp: He asked me to close the door.
Luyện tập với câu gián tiếp
Để thành thạo câu gián tiếp, bạn cần thường xuyên luyện tập và làm quen với các tình huống thực tế. Dưới đây là một số bài tập giúp bạn rèn luyện:
- Chuyển các câu trực tiếp sau thành câu gián tiếp:
- She said, “I can’t believe what he did.”
- They asked, “Are you coming to the party tonight?”
- He said, “I will finish my homework tomorrow.”
Chuyển các câu trực tiếp sau sang câu gián tiếp:
- He said, “I am watching TV.”
- She said, “I will call you tomorrow.”
- They said, “We have finished our homework.”
- John said, “I can’t find my keys.”
- Mary said, “I have been to Paris.”
- The teacher said, “You need to study harder.”
- She said, “I was sleeping when you called.”
- He said, “I will be there at 6 PM.”
- They said, “We are going to the cinema tonight.”
- She said, “I am reading a great book.”
- He said, “I must leave now.”
- She said, “I can speak three languages.”
- He said, “I saw the movie last week.”
- Mary said, “I am going to visit my grandparents.”
- He said, “I haven’t finished my project yet.”
- She said, “I will take care of the problem.”
- John said, “I met him yesterday.”
- They said, “We were working all night.”
- She said, “I have lost my phone.”
- He said, “I had already eaten when they arrived.”
- She said, “I can’t wait for the weekend.”
- He said, “I will be studying all night.”
- She said, “I may go to the party.”
- They said, “We were planning a surprise.”
- He said, “I don’t know how to fix it.”
- She said, “I have been working here for two years.”
- He said, “I had a great time at the concert.”
- She said, “I will not be able to come.”
- They said, “We are moving to a new house.”
- He said, “I should help them.”
- She said, “I am learning French.”
- He said, “I could finish the work earlier.”
- They said, “We haven’t decided yet.”
- She said, “I will start my new job soon.”
- He said, “I might visit you next week.”
- She said, “I was thinking about you.”
- They said, “We are playing football tomorrow.”
- He said, “I had already left when they arrived.”
- She said, “I must prepare for the exam.”
- He said, “I was waiting for the bus.”
- She said, “I can meet you after work.”
- They said, “We will go to the beach on Sunday.”
- He said, “I have been working on this project for months.”
- She said, “I could help if you need it.”
- They said, “We are traveling to Europe next summer.”
- He said, “I have never seen such a beautiful sunset.”
- She said, “I was cleaning the house all morning.”
- They said, “We will finish the report by tomorrow.”
- He said, “I don’t understand the problem.”
- She said, “I should have called you earlier.”
Chuyển các câu hỏi trực tiếp sau sang câu gián tiếp:
- She asked, “What are you doing?”
- He asked, “Where do you live?”
- They asked, “When will the meeting start?”
- She asked, “How long have you been waiting?”
- He asked, “Why are you late?”
- They asked, “What time does the train leave?”
- She asked, “Can you help me?”
- He asked, “Do you know the answer?”
- They asked, “Will you join us?”
- She asked, “Have you seen my phone?”
- He asked, “Did you finish your homework?”
- They asked, “Are you coming to the party?”
- She asked, “Where did you go last night?”
- He asked, “What are your plans for the weekend?”
- They asked, “Can you explain this to me?”
- She asked, “Are you feeling better now?”
- He asked, “What have you done today?”
- They asked, “Will you be there tomorrow?”
- She asked, “Have you heard the news?”
- He asked, “Did you call the doctor?”
- They asked, “Are you ready for the presentation?”
- She asked, “What time does the movie start?”
- He asked, “Why did you leave early?”
- They asked, “How much did you pay for it?”
- She asked, “Have you finished reading the book?”
- He asked, “When will you arrive?”
- They asked, “Can you tell me the truth?”
- She asked, “Are you going to the concert?”
- He asked, “Do you understand the instructions?”
- They asked, “Will you travel abroad this year?”
- She asked, “How do you solve this problem?”
- He asked, “Have you booked the tickets yet?”
- They asked, “Did you enjoy the trip?”
- She asked, “Can you come to the meeting tomorrow?”
- He asked, “Are you still working on the project?”
- They asked, “When does the store close?”
- She asked, “Why haven’t you called me?”
- He asked, “Did you see the email I sent?”
- They asked, “Can you drive a car?”
- She asked, “What are you going to do after graduation?”
Chuyển các câu mệnh lệnh sau sang câu gián tiếp:
- He said, “Close the door.”
- She said, “Please sit down.”
- They said, “Turn off the lights.”
- He said, “Don’t be late.”
- She said, “Write the report by tomorrow.”
- They said, “Be careful with the dog.”
- He said, “Please listen to me.”
- She said, “Don’t forget to call me.”
- They said, “Bring your passport.”
- He said, “Help me with this.”
Đáp án
Đáp án cho các câu khẳng định:
- He said that he was watching TV.
- She said that she would call me the next day.
- They said that they had finished their homework.
- John said that he couldn’t find his keys.
- Mary said that she had been to Paris.
- The teacher said that I needed to study harder.
- She said that she had been sleeping when I called.
- He said that he would be there at 6 PM.
- They said that they were going to the cinema that night.
- She said that she was reading a great book.
- He said that he had to leave then.
- She said that she could speak three languages.
- He said that he had seen the movie the previous week.
- Mary said that she was going to visit her grandparents.
- He said that he hadn’t finished his project yet.
- She said that she would take care of the problem.
- John said that he had met him the day before.
- They said that they had been working all night.
- She said that she had lost her phone.
- He said that he had already eaten when they arrived.
- She said that she couldn’t wait for the weekend.
- He said that he would be studying all night.
- She said that she might go to the party.
- They said that they had been planning a surprise.
- He said that he didn’t know how to fix it.
- She said that she had been working there for two years.
- He said that he had had a great time at the concert.
- She said that she would not be able to come.
- They said that they were moving to a new house.
- He said that he should help them.
- She said that she was learning French.
- He said that he could finish the work earlier.
- They said that they hadn’t decided yet.
- She said that she would start her new job soon.
- He said that he might visit me the next week.
- She said that she had been thinking about me.
- They said that they were playing football the next day.
- He said that he had already left when they arrived.
- She said that she had to prepare for the exam.
- He said that he had been waiting for the bus.
- She said that she could meet me after work.
- They said that they would go to the beach on Sunday.
- He said that he had been working on that project for months.
- She said that she could help if I needed it.
- They said that they were traveling to Europe the following summer.
- He said that he had never seen such a beautiful sunset.
- She said that she had been cleaning the house all morning.
- They said that they would finish the report by the next day.
- He said that he didn’t understand the problem.
- She said that she should have called me earlier.
Đáp án cho các câu hỏi:
- She asked what I was doing.
- He asked where I lived.
- They asked when the meeting would start.
- She asked how long I had been waiting.
- He asked why I was late.
- They asked what time the train left.
- She asked if I could help her.
- He asked if I knew the answer.
- They asked if I would join them.
- She asked if I had seen her phone.
- He asked if I had finished my homework.
- They asked if I was coming to the party.
- She asked where I had gone the previous night.
- He asked what my plans for the weekend were.
- They asked if I could explain that to them.
- She asked if I was feeling better then.
- He asked what I had done that day.
- They asked if I would be there the next day.
- She asked if I had heard the news.
- He asked if I had called the doctor.
- They asked if I was ready for the presentation.
- She asked what time the movie started.
- He asked why I had left early.
- They asked how much I had paid for it.
- She asked if I had finished reading the book.
- He asked when I would arrive.
- They asked if I could tell them the truth.
- She asked if I was going to the concert.
- He asked if I understood the instructions.
- They asked if I would travel abroad that year.
- She asked how I solved that problem.
- He asked if I had booked the tickets yet.
- They asked if I had enjoyed the trip.
- She asked if I could come to the meeting the next day.
- He asked if I was still working on the project.
- They asked when the store closed.
- She asked why I hadn’t called her.
- He asked if I had seen the email he had sent.
- They asked if I could drive a car.
- She asked what I was going to do after graduation.
Đáp án cho các câu mệnh lệnh:
- He told me to close the door.
- She asked me to sit down.
- They told me to turn off the lights.
- He told me not to be late.
- She told me to write the report by the next day.
- They told me to be careful with the dog.
- He asked me to listen to him.
- She told me not to forget to call her.
- They told me to bring my passport.
- He asked me to help him with that.
Việc nắm vững câu gián tiếp (Reported Speech) không chỉ giúp bạn nâng cao kỹ năng ngữ pháp tiếng Anh mà còn cải thiện khả năng giao tiếp và viết lách. Hãy kiên nhẫn luyện tập và áp dụng những nguyên tắc trên vào thực tiễn, bạn sẽ thấy khả năng sử dụng câu gián tiếp của mình ngày càng tự nhiên hơn.
