Cấu trúc câu điều kiện loại 3 (Third Conditional)

Câu điều kiện loại 3 (Third Conditional) là một cấu trúc câu được dùng để diễn tả những sự kiện không có thật trong quá khứ. Câu này thường đề cập đến những điều ước, giả định hoặc tình huống có thể đã xảy ra nếu điều kiện khác được đáp ứng, nhưng thực tế không diễn ra.

Đọc bài cũ: Cấu Trúc Câu Điều Kiện Loại 2 (Second Conditional) và bài tập.

Đọc bài liên quan: 6 cách sử dụng Thể điều kiện (Conditional) trong tiếng Anh.

100 câu luyện tập ngữ pháp câu điều kiện không có thật loại 1, 2 và 3.

150 câu điều kiện trong tiếng Anh và bài tập.

Ví dụ:

• If I had known about the meeting, I would have attended.
• (Nếu tôi biết về cuộc họp, tôi đã tham dự. Nhưng thực tế là tôi không biết và không tham dự.)

Cấu trúc của câu điều kiện loại 3

Cấu trúc của câu điều kiện loại 3 thường bao gồm hai mệnh đề:

• Mệnh đề điều kiện (if-clause): Sử dụng thì Quá Khứ Hoàn Thành (Past Perfect).
• Mệnh đề chính (main clause): Sử dụng dạng would have + V3 (quá khứ phân từ của động từ chính).

Công thức:

• If + S + had + V3, S + would have + V3.

Ví dụ:

• If she had studied harder, she would have passed the exam.
• (Nếu cô ấy học chăm chỉ hơn, cô ấy đã đậu kỳ thi. Thực tế là cô ấy không học chăm chỉ và đã không đậu.)

Cách sử dụng câu điều kiện loại 3

Câu điều kiện loại 3 được sử dụng để nói về một tình huống không có thật trong quá khứ, thường là để bày tỏ sự tiếc nuối hoặc giả định điều kiện có thể đã thay đổi kết quả quá khứ.

Một số ví dụ:

• If they had left earlier, they would not have missed the flight.
  (Nếu họ rời đi sớm hơn, họ đã không lỡ chuyến bay.)
• If I had known you were in town, I would have visited you.
  (Nếu tôi biết bạn đang ở trong thành phố, tôi đã đến thăm bạn.)

Lưu ý quan trọng

• Cách dùng ‘would have’: Động từ “would” là lựa chọn phổ biến nhất trong mệnh đề chính, nhưng bạn cũng có thể thay thế bằng could have, might have, hoặc should have để diễn tả khả năng, khả năng thấp hoặc lời khuyên trong quá khứ.

Ví dụ:

• If I had worked harder, I could have earned more money.
  (Nếu tôi làm việc chăm chỉ hơn, tôi đã có thể kiếm nhiều tiền hơn.)
• If we had planned better, we should have avoided the problem.
  (Nếu chúng tôi lên kế hoạch tốt hơn, chúng tôi đáng lẽ đã tránh được vấn đề.)

Bài tập về câu điều kiện loại 3

Hãy thử làm một số bài tập để củng cố kiến thức về cấu trúc câu điều kiện loại 3:

Bài tập 1: Điền vào chỗ trống với dạng đúng của động từ trong ngoặc.

1. If you __________ (study) harder, you __________ (pass) the exam.
2. If she __________ (listen) to my advice, she __________ (avoid) the problem.
3. If I __________ (know) the truth, I __________ (tell) you.
4. If we __________ (leave) earlier, we __________ (catch) the bus.
5. If they __________ (plan) better, they __________ (finish) on time.
6. If he __________ (wake) up earlier, he __________ (not miss) the train.
7. If I __________ (work) harder, I __________ (succeed).
8. If she __________ (see) the doctor, she __________ (feel) better.
9. If you __________ (tell) me, I __________ (help) you.
10. If they __________ (drive) more carefully, they __________ (not have) the accident.
11. If I __________ (find) the keys, I __________ (lock) the door.
12. If we __________ (eat) breakfast, we __________ (not feel) hungry.
13. If he __________ (study) for the test, he __________ (get) a higher score.
14. If she __________ (take) her umbrella, she __________ (not get) wet.
15. If I __________ (hear) the alarm, I __________ (wake up) on time.
16. If you __________ (not be) late, you __________ (meet) him.
17. If they __________ (book) the tickets, they __________ (attend) the concert.
18. If we __________ (prepare) better, we __________ (not lose) the game.
19. If he __________ (ask) for help, we __________ (assist) him.
20. If I __________ (know) about the meeting, I __________ (attend) it.
21. If you __________ (call) me, I __________ (pick) you up.
22. If she __________ (buy) the dress, she __________ (wear) it to the party.
23. If they __________ (not leave) so late, they __________ (arrive) earlier.
24. If he __________ (check) the weather, he __________ (bring) a jacket.
25. If I __________ (see) the sign, I __________ (turn) left.
26. If we __________ (try) harder, we __________ (win) the game.
27. If she __________ (not forget) her keys, she __________ (not be) locked out.
28. If they __________ (take) the advice, they __________ (succeed).
29. If he __________ (finish) his work, he __________ (join) us.
30. If I __________ (hear) the news earlier, I __________ (act) differently.
31. If we __________ (check) the map, we __________ (not get) lost.
32. If she __________ (wait) for me, we __________ (leave) together.
33. If they __________ (attend) the lecture, they __________ (understand) the topic.
34. If I __________ (notice) the error, I __________ (correct) it.
35. If we __________ (follow) the instructions, we __________ (not make) the mistake.
36. If he __________ (sign) the contract, he __________ (secure) the deal.
37. If I __________ (not break) my leg, I __________ (participate) in the race.
38. If they __________ (take) the medicine, they __________ (recover) sooner.
39. If she __________ (not lose) her passport, she __________ (travel) abroad.
40. If I __________ (listen) to you, I __________ (not make) that mistake.
41. If we __________ (not argue), we __________ (resolve) the issue faster.
42. If he __________ (book) the table earlier, we __________ (get) a seat.
43. If she __________ (not spill) the coffee, the papers __________ (be) clean.
44. If they __________ (attend) the meeting, they __________ (learn) the new policy.
45. If I __________ (understand) the question, I __________ (answer) correctly.
46. If we __________ (bring) sunscreen, we __________ (not get) sunburnt.
47. If he __________ (practice) more, he __________ (perform) better.
48. If she __________ (not leave) so late, she __________ (catch) the bus.
49. If I __________ (find) my phone, I __________ (call) you.
50. If they __________ (know) the way, they __________ (arrive) on time.
51. If he __________ (save) money, he __________ (buy) a car.
52. If we __________ (check) the schedule, we __________ (not miss) the event.
53. If she __________ (complete) the form, she __________ (be) eligible.
54. If I __________ (prepare) in advance, I __________ (not be) so stressed.
55. If they __________ (notice) the sign, they __________ (not park) there.
56. If he __________ (speak) up, he __________ (avoid) the misunderstanding.
57. If we __________ (choose) the other option, we __________ (have) better results.
58. If she __________ (not argue) with her boss, she __________ (keep) her job.
59. If I __________ (study) French, I __________ (communicate) with the locals.
60. If they __________ (follow) the rules, they __________ (not be) penalized.
61. If he __________ (drive) slower, he __________ (not get) the ticket.
62. If we __________ (watch) the news, we __________ (know) about the storm.
63. If she __________ (ask) for directions, she __________ (find) the place.
64. If I __________ (bring) my camera, I __________ (take) photos.
65. If they __________ (not waste) time, they __________ (finish) the project.
66. If he __________ (study) law, he __________ (become) a lawyer.
67. If we __________ (start) earlier, we __________ (avoid) traffic.
68. If she __________ (be) more careful, she __________ (not break) the glass.
69. If I __________ (not forget) my password, I __________ (access) my account.
70. If they __________ (pay) attention, they __________ (understand) the lesson.
71. If he __________ (prepare) better, he __________ (pass) the interview.
72. If we __________ (bring) snacks, we __________ (not get) hungry.
73. If she __________ (not fall), she __________ (win) the race.
74. If I __________ (read) the instructions, I __________ (assemble) it correctly.
75. If they __________ (set) an alarm, they __________ (wake up) on time.
76. If he __________ (not spend) so much, he __________ (save) more money.
77. If we __________ (leave) the house earlier, we __________ (catch) the train.
78. If she __________ (prepare) for the exam, she __________ (pass).
79. If I __________ (bring) my wallet, I __________ (buy) the book.
80. If they __________ (call) a taxi, they __________ (arrive) sooner.
81. If he __________ (check) the oil, the car __________ (not break down).
82. If we __________ (book) the hotel earlier, we __________ (get) a discount.
83. If she __________ (not forget) the appointment, she __________ (see) the doctor.
84. If I __________ (ask) for help, I __________ (finish) the project on time.
85. If they __________ (study) more, they __________ (get) better grades.
86. If he __________ (check) the time, he __________ (not be) late.
87. If we __________ (bring) raincoats, we __________ (stay) dry.
88. If she __________ (pay) attention, she __________ (not make) the mistake.
89. If I __________ (turn) off the oven, the food __________ (not burn).
90. If they __________ (arrive) earlier, they __________ (get) better seats.
91. If he __________ (ask) for directions, he __________ (find) the building.
92. If we __________ (make) a reservation, we __________ (get) a table.
93. If she __________ (check) her work, she __________ (find) the errors.
94. If I __________ (know) about the discount, I __________ (buy) more.
95. If they __________ (not forget) their tickets, they __________ (attend) the concert.
96. If he __________ (not oversleep), he __________ (catch) the bus.
97. If we __________ (read) the reviews, we __________ (choose) a different hotel.
98. If she __________ (not argue) with her friend, they __________ (still be) on good terms.
99. If I __________ (save) the document, I __________ (not lose) my work.
100. If they __________ (bring) enough food, everyone __________ (eat).

Đáp án

1. If you had studied harder, you would have passed the exam.
2. If she had listened to my advice, she would have avoided the problem.
3. If I had known the truth, I would have told you.
4. If we had left earlier, we would have caught the bus.
5. If they had planned better, they would have finished on time.
6. If he had woken up earlier, he would not have missed the train.
7. If I had worked harder, I would have succeeded.
8. If she had seen the doctor, she would have felt better.
9. If you had told me, I would have helped you.
10. If they had driven more carefully, they would not have had the accident.
11. If I had found the keys, I would have locked the door.
12. If we had eaten breakfast, we would not have felt hungry.
13. If he had studied for the test, he would have gotten a higher score.
14. If she had taken her umbrella, she would not have gotten wet.
15. If I had heard the alarm, I would have woken up on time.
16. If you had not been late, you would have met him.
17. If they had booked the tickets, they would have attended the concert.
18. If we had prepared better, we would not have lost the game.
19. If he had asked for help, we would have assisted him.
20. If I had known about the meeting, I would have attended it.
21. If you had called me, I would have picked you up.
22. If she had bought the dress, she would have worn it to the party.
23. If they had not left so late, they would have arrived earlier.
24. If he had checked the weather, he would have brought a jacket.
25. If I had seen the sign, I would have turned left.
26. If we had tried harder, we would have won the game.
27. If she had not forgotten her keys, she would not have been locked out.
28. If they had taken the advice, they would have succeeded.
29. If he had finished his work, he would have joined us.
30. If I had heard the news earlier, I would have acted differently.
31. If we had checked the map, we would not have gotten lost.
32. If she had waited for me, we would have left together.
33. If they had attended the lecture, they would have understood the topic.
34. If I had noticed the error, I would have corrected it.
35. If we had followed the instructions, we would not have made the mistake.
36. If he had signed the contract, he would have secured the deal.
37. If I had not broken my leg, I would have participated in the race.
38. If they had taken the medicine, they would have recovered sooner.
39. If she had not lost her passport, she would have traveled abroad.
40. If I had listened to you, I would not have made that mistake.
41. If we had not argued, we would have resolved the issue faster.
42. If he had booked the table earlier, we would have gotten a seat.
43. If she had not spilled the coffee, the papers would have been clean.
44. If they had attended the meeting, they would have learned the new policy.
45. If I had understood the question, I would have answered correctly.
46. If we had brought sunscreen, we would not have gotten sunburnt.
47. If he had practiced more, he would have performed better.
48. If she had not left so late, she would have caught the bus.
49. If I had found my phone, I would have called you.
50. If they had known the way, they would have arrived on time.
51. If he had saved money, he would have bought a car.
52. If we had checked the schedule, we would not have missed the event.
53. If she had completed the form, she would have been eligible.
54. If I had prepared in advance, I would not have been so stressed.
55. If they had noticed the sign, they would not have parked there.
56. If he had spoken up, he would have avoided the misunderstanding.
57. If we had chosen the other option, we would have had better results.
58. If she had not argued with her boss, she would have kept her job.
59. If I had studied French, I would have communicated with the locals.
60. If they had followed the rules, they would not have been penalized.
61. If he had driven slower, he would not have gotten the ticket.
62. If we had watched the news, we would have known about the storm.
63. If she had asked for directions, she would have found the place.
64. If I had brought my camera, I would have taken photos.
65. If they had not wasted time, they would have finished the project.
66. If he had studied law, he would have become a lawyer.
67. If we had started earlier, we would have avoided traffic.
68. If she had been more careful, she would not have broken the glass.
69. If I had not forgotten my password, I would have accessed my account.
70. If they had paid attention, they would have understood the lesson.
71. If he had prepared better, he would have passed the interview.
72. If we had brought snacks, we would not have gotten hungry.
73. If she had not fallen, she would have won the race.
74. If I had read the instructions, I would have assembled it correctly.
75. If they had set an alarm, they would have woken up on time.
76. If he had not spent so much, he would have saved more money.
77. If we had left the house earlier, we would have caught the train.
78. If she had prepared for the exam, she would have passed.
79. If I had brought my wallet, I would have bought the book.
80. If they had called a taxi, they would have arrived sooner.
81. If he had checked the oil, the car would not have broken down.
82. If we had booked the hotel earlier, we would have gotten a discount.
83. If she had not forgotten the appointment, she would have seen the doctor.
84. If I had asked for help, I would have finished the project on time.
85. If they had studied more, they would have gotten better grades.
86. If he had checked the time, he would not have been late.
87. If we had brought raincoats, we would have stayed dry.
88. If she had paid attention, she would not have made the mistake.
89. If I had turned off the oven, the food would not have burned.
90. If they had arrived earlier, they would have gotten better seats.
91. If he had asked for directions, he would have found the building.
92. If we had made a reservation, we would have gotten a table.
93. If she had checked her work, she would have found the errors.
94. If I had known about the discount, I would have bought more.
95. If they had not forgotten their tickets, they would have attended the concert.
96. If he had not overslept, he would have caught the bus.
97. If we had read the reviews, we would have chosen a different hotel.
98. If she had not argued with her friend, they would still have been on good terms.
99. If I had saved the document, I would not have lost my work.
100. If they had brought enough food, everyone would have eaten.

Bài tập 2: Chuyển các câu sau sang câu điều kiện loại 3.

1. He didn’t pass the exam because he didn’t study hard.
2. → If he __________ (study) harder, he __________ (pass) the exam.
3. She didn’t go to the party because she wasn’t invited.
4. → If she __________ (be) invited, she __________ (go) to the party.
5. They missed the flight because they arrived late.
6. → If they __________ (arrive) earlier, they __________ (catch) the flight.
7. I didn’t eat breakfast because I woke up late.
8. → If I __________ (wake) up earlier, I __________ (eat) breakfast.
9. We lost the match because we didn’t train enough.
10. → If we __________ (train) more, we __________ (win) the match.
11. He didn’t finish his project because he ran out of time.
12. → If he __________ (have) more time, he __________ (finish) the project.
13. She didn’t receive the message because her phone was off.
14. → If her phone __________ (be) on, she __________ (receive) the message.
15. They didn’t see the show because they didn’t buy tickets.
16. → If they __________ (buy) tickets, they __________ (see) the show.
17. I didn’t call you because I didn’t have your number.
18. → If I __________ (have) your number, I __________ (call) you.
19. We didn’t enjoy the trip because the weather was bad.
20. → If the weather __________ (be) better, we __________ (enjoy) the trip.
21. She didn’t pass the test because she didn’t prepare.
22. → If she __________ (prepare) more, she __________ (pass) the test.
23. They didn’t go to the concert because they were too tired.
24. → If they __________ (not be) tired, they __________ (go) to the concert.
25. He didn’t buy the house because it was too expensive.
26. → If the house __________ (be) cheaper, he __________ (buy) it.
27. I didn’t visit my parents because I was too busy.
28. → If I __________ (not be) busy, I __________ (visit) my parents.
29. We didn’t stay at the hotel because it was fully booked.
30. → If the hotel __________ (have) rooms, we __________ (stay) there.
31. She didn’t win the race because she didn’t practice enough.
32. → If she __________ (practice) more, she __________ (win) the race.
33. He didn’t ask for help because he was too shy.
34. → If he __________ (not be) shy, he __________ (ask) for help.
35. They didn’t go hiking because it rained.
36. → If it __________ (not rain), they __________ (go) hiking.
37. I didn’t go to the gym because I forgot my membership card.
38. → If I __________ (remember) my card, I __________ (go) to the gym.
39. We didn’t have dinner at that restaurant because it was closed.
40. → If the restaurant __________ (be) open, we __________ (have) dinner there.
41. She didn’t accept the job because the salary was too low.
42. → If the salary __________ (be) higher, she __________ (accept) the job.
43. He didn’t catch the train because he left the house late.
44. → If he __________ (leave) earlier, he __________ (catch) the train.
45. They didn’t join the club because they didn’t know about it.
46. → If they __________ (know) about the club, they __________ (join).
47. I didn’t buy the dress because I didn’t have enough money.
48. → If I __________ (have) more money, I __________ (buy) the dress.
49. We didn’t visit the museum because it was closed.
50. → If the museum __________ (be) open, we __________ (visit) it.
51. She didn’t go to the concert because she didn’t have a ticket.
52. → If she __________ (have) a ticket, she __________ (go) to the concert.
53. He didn’t read the book because he didn’t have time.
54. → If he __________ (have) time, he __________ (read) the book.
55. They didn’t go skiing because there wasn’t enough snow.
56. → If there __________ (be) more snow, they __________ (go) skiing.
57. I didn’t finish the report because my computer broke.
58. → If my computer __________ (not break), I __________ (finish) the report.
59. We didn’t stay at the beach because it was too crowded.
60. → If the beach __________ (be) less crowded, we __________ (stay) longer.
61. She didn’t answer the phone because she didn’t hear it ring.
62. → If she __________ (hear) it, she __________ (answer) the phone.
63. He didn’t watch the movie because he fell asleep.
64. → If he __________ (not fall) asleep, he __________ (watch) the movie.
65. They didn’t enjoy the meal because it was too spicy.
66. → If the meal __________ (be) less spicy, they __________ (enjoy) it.
67. I didn’t go shopping because I forgot my wallet.
68. → If I __________ (bring) my wallet, I __________ (go) shopping.
69. We didn’t go swimming because the pool was closed.
70. → If the pool __________ (be) open, we __________ (go) swimming.
71. She didn’t apply for the job because she didn’t see the ad.
72. → If she __________ (see) the ad, she __________ (apply).
73. He didn’t score the goal because he missed the shot.
74. → If he __________ (not miss) the shot, he __________ (score) the goal.
75. They didn’t attend the meeting because they were on vacation.
76. → If they __________ (not be) on vacation, they __________ (attend) the meeting.
77. I didn’t meet her because I didn’t know she was in town.
78. → If I __________ (know) she was in town, I __________ (meet) her.
79. We didn’t buy the car because it was too old.
80. → If the car __________ (be) newer, we __________ (buy) it.
81. She didn’t wear a coat because she didn’t think it would be cold.
82. → If she __________ (think) it would be cold, she __________ (wear) a coat.
83. He didn’t call me because he lost his phone.
84. → If he __________ (not lose) his phone, he __________ (call) me.
85. They didn’t stay for dessert because they were full.
86. → If they __________ (not be) full, they __________ (stay) for dessert.
87. I didn’t go to the doctor because I thought I was fine.
88. → If I __________ (not think) I was fine, I __________ (go) to the doctor.
89. We didn’t book a table because we didn’t think it was necessary.
90. → If we __________ (think) it was necessary, we __________ (book) a table.
91. She didn’t go to the gym because she was too tired.
92. → If she __________ (not be) tired, she __________ (go) to the gym.
93. He didn’t apologize because he didn’t realize he was wrong.
94. → If he __________ (realize) he was wrong, he __________ (apologize).
95. They didn’t get married because they had an argument.
96. → If they __________ (not have) an argument, they __________ (get) married.
97. I didn’t send the email because I forgot to do it.
98. → If I __________ (remember), I __________ (send) the email.
99. We didn’t go camping because it was too windy.
100. → If it __________ (not be) windy, we __________ (go) camping.

Đáp án

1. had studied harder, he would have passed the exam.
2. had been invited, she would have gone to the party.
3. had arrived earlier, they would have caught the flight.
4. had woken up earlier, I would have eaten breakfast.
5. had trained more, we would have won the match.
6. had had more time, he would have finished the project.
7. had been on, she would have received the message.
8. had bought tickets, they would have seen the show.
9. had had your number, I would have called you.
10. had been better, we would have enjoyed the trip.
11. had prepared more, she would have passed the test.
12. hadn’t been tired, they would have gone to the concert.
13. had been cheaper, he would have bought it.
14. hadn’t been busy, I would have visited my parents.
15. had had rooms, we would have stayed there.
16. had practiced more, she would have won the race.
17. hadn’t been shy, he would have asked for help.
18. hadn’t rained, they would have gone hiking.
19. had remembered my card, I would have gone to the gym.
20. had been open, we would have had dinner there.
21. had been higher, she would have accepted the job.
22. had left earlier, he would have caught the train.
23. had known about the club, they would have joined.
24. had had more money, I would have bought the dress.
25. had been open, we would have visited it.
26. had had a ticket, she would have gone to the concert.
27. had had time, he would have read the book.
28. had been more snow, they would have gone skiing.
29. hadn’t broken, I would have finished the report.
30. had been less crowded, we would have stayed longer.
31. had heard it, she would have answered the phone.
32. hadn’t fallen asleep, he would have watched the movie.
33. had been less spicy, they would have enjoyed it.
34. had brought my wallet, I would have gone shopping.
35. had been open, we would have gone swimming.
36. had seen the ad, she would have applied.
37. hadn’t missed the shot, he would have scored the goal.
38. hadn’t been on vacation, they would have attended the meeting.
39. had known she was in town, I would have met her.
40. had been newer, we would have bought it.
41. had thought it would be cold, she would have worn a coat.
42. hadn’t lost his phone, he would have called me.
43. hadn’t been full, they would have stayed for dessert.
44. hadn’t thought I was fine, I would have gone to the doctor.
45. had thought it was necessary, we would have booked a table.
46. hadn’t been tired, she would have gone to the gym.
47. had realized he was wrong, he would have apologized.
48. hadn’t had an argument, they would have gotten married.
49. had remembered, I would have sent the email.
50. hadn’t been windy, we would have gone camping.

Cấu trúc câu điều kiện loại 3 là một phần quan trọng trong ngữ pháp tiếng Anh khi muốn nói về những tình huống không có thật trong quá khứ. Hiểu rõ cách sử dụng và thực hành với bài tập sẽ giúp bạn thành thạo hơn trong việc vận dụng ngữ pháp này vào cuộc sống hàng ngày.