Thì Hiện Tại Đơn (Present Simple Tense) là một thì cơ bản trong tiếng Anh, được sử dụng để diễn tả hành động lặp đi lặp lại, thói quen, sự thật hiển nhiên hoặc lịch trình cố định. Cấu trúc thì bao gồm động từ nguyên mẫu với chủ ngữ số nhiều và động từ thêm “s/es” với chủ ngữ số ít.
Định nghĩa thì hiện tại đơn (Present Simple Tense)
Thì hiện tại đơn là một trong những thì cơ bản nhất trong tiếng Anh, được sử dụng để diễn tả những hành động hoặc sự kiện lặp đi lặp lại theo thói quen, chân lý hiển nhiên, hoặc các sự kiện diễn ra trong hiện tại. Đây là thì dễ học và thường xuyên sử dụng trong giao tiếp hàng ngày.
Cấu trúc thì hiện tại đơn
- Khẳng định:
- Đối với ngôi thứ nhất và số nhiều: S + V (bare-infinitive)
Ví dụ: I play football every Sunday. - Đối với ngôi thứ ba số ít: S + V (s/es)
Ví dụ: He plays football every Sunday.
- Đối với ngôi thứ nhất và số nhiều: S + V (bare-infinitive)
- Phủ định:
- Đối với tất cả các ngôi: S + do/does + not + V (bare-infinitive)
Ví dụ: She does not (doesn’t) play football on Sundays.
- Đối với tất cả các ngôi: S + do/does + not + V (bare-infinitive)
- Nghi vấn:
- Do/Does + S + V (bare-infinitive)?
Ví dụ: Do you play football on Sundays?
- Do/Does + S + V (bare-infinitive)?
Cách sử dụng thì hiện tại đơn
- Diễn tả thói quen, hành động lặp lại:
Thì hiện tại đơn thường được dùng để diễn tả những hành động xảy ra thường xuyên, lặp đi lặp lại như một thói quen.
Ví dụ: I go to the gym every day.
- I drink coffee every morning.
- She watches TV after dinner.
- He reads a book before bed.
- They walk to school every day.
- We visit our grandparents every weekend.
- I go jogging every morning.
- She plays the piano twice a week.
- He swims in the pool every Friday.
- They eat out on Sundays.
- We clean the house every Saturday.
- I study English every night.
- She calls her mom every day.
- He goes to the gym three times a week.
- They play soccer on weekends.
- We take the bus to work every day.
- I listen to music while I study.
- She takes a nap in the afternoon.
- He rides his bike to school every day.
- They go hiking once a month.
- We bake cookies every Sunday.
- I write in my journal every night.
- She takes her dog for a walk every morning.
- He checks his email every hour.
- They have breakfast together every day.
- We do yoga every evening.
- I water the plants every morning.
- She goes to the market every Saturday.
- He plays basketball every Thursday.
- They attend church every Sunday.
- We practice dancing every weekend.
- I cook dinner every night.
- She brushes her teeth twice a day.
- He watches movies on Fridays.
- They go shopping every weekend.
- We read the newspaper every morning.
- I feed my cat at 6 AM every day.
- She exercises at the gym every evening.
- He calls his friends every weekend.
- They have family dinners every Sunday.
- We take a walk after dinner every day.
- I check my social media every morning.
- She knits scarves in the evening.
- He plays video games every afternoon.
- They go to the beach every summer.
- We visit the museum once a month.
- I have lunch at 12 PM every day.
- She paints in her studio on Saturdays.
- He works from home every Monday.
- They play board games on weekends.
- We drink tea every afternoon.
- I call my friend every night.
- She waters the garden every evening.
- He mows the lawn every weekend.
- They go skiing every winter.
- We ride horses every Sunday.
- I do laundry every Saturday.
- She bakes cakes every Friday.
- He fixes his car every weekend.
- They read bedtime stories to their kids every night.
- We play tennis every Wednesday.
- I walk my dog in the park every morning.
- She goes to the library every week.
- He practices the guitar every evening.
- They go fishing every summer.
- We volunteer at the shelter every month.
- I meditate every morning.
- She writes poetry in her free time.
- He listens to podcasts on his commute.
- They attend art classes every weekend.
- We take a road trip every year.
- I wake up at 6 AM every day.
- She prepares breakfast for her family every morning.
- He goes for a run every evening.
- They visit the zoo every summer.
- We have movie nights every Friday.
- I drink green tea after lunch.
- She attends dance lessons every Tuesday.
- He meets his friends for coffee every Sunday.
- They go camping every spring.
- We host a barbecue every summer.
- I update my blog every week.
- She decorates her house for holidays every year.
- He cleans his car every weekend.
- They go to concerts every month.
- We have a picnic in the park every Sunday.
- I knit sweaters every winter.
- She plays badminton every Saturday.
- He attends business meetings every Monday.
- They go grocery shopping every Thursday.
- We visit the amusement park every summer.
- I check the weather forecast every morning.
- She prepares her lesson plans every Sunday.
- He repairs electronics in his free time.
- They donate to charity every year.
- We organize family reunions every holiday season.
- I practice my piano skills every morning.
- She takes a bath every evening.
- He watches the news every night.
- They play volleyball every Saturday.
- We enjoy family breakfasts every weekend.
- Diễn tả sự thật hiển nhiên hoặc chân lý:
Đây là cách sử dụng phổ biến để trình bày những sự thật không thay đổi hoặc các chân lý hiển nhiên.
Ví dụ: The sun rises in the east.
- Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.
- The Earth orbits around the sun.
- Plants need sunlight to grow.
- Birds fly in the sky.
- The human body is made up of about 60% water.
- Fish live in water.
- The moon affects the tides.
- Fire burns.
- Ice melts when heated.
- Gravity pulls objects towards the Earth.
- The heart pumps blood throughout the body.
- Rain falls from the clouds.
- Light travels faster than sound.
- The ocean is salty.
- Earth has 24 hours in a day.
- The sun sets in the west.
- Blood is red.
- The sky is blue during the day.
- Penguins can’t fly.
- Trees produce oxygen.
- Humans need food and water to survive.
- Diamonds are the hardest natural substance.
- Camels can survive long periods without water.
- Bats are nocturnal animals.
- Honey never spoils.
- The Amazon is the largest rainforest in the world.
- A year has 12 months.
- Snow is cold.
- Birds lay eggs.
- The North Star remains fixed in the sky.
- The Earth is round.
- Elephants are the largest land animals.
- The brain controls the body.
- Metal expands when heated.
- A rainbow forms after rain when the sun is shining.
- Earthquakes occur due to tectonic plate movements.
- A triangle has three sides.
- The Sahara is the largest desert in the world.
- Water is essential for all life.
- The giraffe is the tallest animal.
- Lightning is followed by thunder.
- The sun is a star.
- Most mammals give birth to live young.
- Carbon dioxide is produced when we exhale.
- Bacteria exist in every ecosystem.
- The internet connects people worldwide.
- Stars twinkle in the night sky.
- Bees produce honey.
- The Pacific is the largest ocean.
- Volcanoes erupt with molten lava.
- Glass is transparent.
- A square has four equal sides.
- Music is a form of art.
- Airplanes fly in the sky.
- A clock measures time.
- The Great Wall of China is visible from space.
- Lions are carnivores.
- The human skeleton has 206 bones.
- Lightning strikes the ground.
- The eyes help us see.
- The piano is a musical instrument.
- The seasons change throughout the year.
- The sun is the main source of energy on Earth.
- Salt dissolves in water.
- The Milky Way is the galaxy we live in.
- Sound travels through air and water.
- Heat rises.
- The Eiffel Tower is in Paris.
- Bicycles have two wheels.
- Oxygen is necessary for respiration.
- Chocolate is made from cocoa beans.
- The human body has five senses.
- Snow falls in winter in cold climates.
- The lungs help us breathe.
- The cheetah is the fastest land animal.
- The Arctic is cold year-round.
- A rose has thorns.
- Water is made of hydrogen and oxygen.
- The Statue of Liberty is in New York.
- The brain uses electricity to function.
- The Pyramids of Giza are in Egypt.
- Sharks have been around for millions of years.
- The kangaroo is native to Australia.
- Leaves change color in the fall.
- Spiders have eight legs.
- Bamboo is the fastest-growing plant.
- The Great Barrier Reef is in Australia.
- Clouds are made of water vapor.
- A hurricane is a powerful storm.
- Teeth help us chew food.
- Some snakes are venomous.
- Mercury is the closest planet to the sun.
- Diamonds are formed under high pressure.
- The human body has 32 teeth.
- The lion is called the king of the jungle.
- The Grand Canyon is in the USA.
- The Taj Mahal is in India.
- Space is a vacuum.
- Butterflies undergo metamorphosis.
- The universe is constantly expanding.
- Lịch trình hoặc sự kiện trong tương lai gần:
Thì hiện tại đơn còn được dùng để nói về các sự kiện đã được lên lịch trình hoặc dự định trước.
Ví dụ: The train leaves at 6 p.m.
- The plane takes off at 9 a.m.
- The bus arrives at 7:30 p.m.
- The concert starts at 8 p.m.
- The meeting begins at 10 a.m.
- The restaurant opens at 11 a.m.
- The movie premieres next Friday.
- The train departs at 5:45 p.m.
- The shop closes at 9 p.m.
- The football match kicks off at 3 p.m.
- The exhibition opens on Monday.
- The ferry sails at 7 a.m. tomorrow.
- The flight lands at 4 p.m.
- The parade begins at noon.
- The hotel check-in starts at 2 p.m.
- The class starts at 9 a.m. tomorrow.
- The boat tour leaves at 6 a.m.
- The library opens at 8 a.m.
- The race begins at 10 a.m. on Saturday.
- The event starts at 5 p.m. on Friday.
- The store opens at 10 a.m. on weekends.
- The next train leaves at 11 a.m.
- The workshop begins at 3 p.m. next Wednesday.
- The gym opens at 6 a.m. daily.
- The festival starts next weekend.
- The office closes at 6 p.m.
- The seminar starts at 1 p.m. tomorrow.
- The bakery opens at 7 a.m.
- The lecture begins at 9:30 a.m.
- The post office opens at 8 a.m. on weekdays.
- The flight departs at noon tomorrow.
- The next meeting is on Tuesday at 11 a.m.
- The play starts at 7 p.m.
- The gallery opens at 10 a.m.
- The bus leaves at 6 p.m. every day.
- The shop reopens next Monday at 9 a.m.
- The concert begins at 7:30 p.m. tonight.
- The museum opens at 9 a.m. on Sundays.
- The train departs at 8 a.m. on weekdays.
- The next bus leaves in 10 minutes.
- The school starts at 8 a.m. tomorrow.
- The next flight leaves at 2 p.m.
- The show starts at 6:30 p.m.
- The conference begins next week.
- The park closes at 10 p.m.
- The meeting starts at 3 p.m. on Friday.
- The flight takes off at 5 a.m.
- The store opens at 8 a.m. every day.
- The movie starts at 7 p.m. on Wednesday.
- The carnival starts next month.
- The tournament begins at 11 a.m. tomorrow.
- The coffee shop opens at 6 a.m.
- The match starts at 4 p.m. this afternoon.
- The cruise departs at 9 a.m. next Tuesday.
- The class resumes at 2 p.m.
- The flight departs at midnight.
- The exhibition closes next Sunday.
- The dinner begins at 7 p.m.
- The ferry arrives at 10:30 a.m.
- The next meeting starts at 4 p.m.
- The mall opens at 10 a.m. tomorrow.
- The course begins at 9 a.m. next Monday.
- The conference starts on Thursday.
- The play opens next weekend.
- The gym class begins at 6 a.m. tomorrow.
- The lecture starts at 11 a.m. on Thursday.
- The office opens at 8:30 a.m.
- The bus arrives at 6:15 p.m. every day.
- The next match begins at 2 p.m.
- The movie finishes at 9 p.m.
- The train reaches the station at 7 p.m.
- The game starts at noon on Saturday.
- The flight arrives at 6 p.m. today.
- The concert starts at 8:30 p.m.
- The next ferry leaves at 1 p.m.
- The hotel opens in two weeks.
- The workshop begins at 10 a.m. next Friday.
- The park closes at 6 p.m. in winter.
- The show opens at 7 p.m. tonight.
- The race starts at 9 a.m. sharp.
- The train leaves at 6:15 a.m. tomorrow.
- The ceremony begins at 2 p.m. next Sunday.
- The store reopens on Saturday.
- The museum closes at 5 p.m.
- The party starts at 8 p.m. this evening.
- The next seminar begins at 3 p.m.
- The flight departs at 10:30 a.m. tomorrow.
- The market opens at 7 a.m. every weekend.
- The next bus leaves in five minutes.
- The festival begins at 6 p.m. this evening.
- The class starts at 8:30 a.m. sharp.
- The exhibition ends at 4 p.m. on Sunday.
- The performance starts at 7 p.m. sharp.
- The library closes at 6 p.m. every weekday.
- The lecture resumes at 1 p.m.
- The shop reopens at 9 a.m. tomorrow.
- The boat leaves at 6 a.m. next Saturday.
- The presentation begins at 10 a.m. next week.
- The conference opens at 9 a.m. tomorrow.
- The show starts at 7:45 p.m. on Friday.
- The tournament kicks off at 11 a.m. on Sunday.
- Các từ chỉ tần suất thường gặp:
Các từ chỉ tần suất như: always, usually, often, sometimes, rarely, never thường được sử dụng kèm thì hiện tại đơn để nhấn mạnh mức độ lặp lại của hành động.
Ví dụ: She always drinks coffee in the morning.
- She always drinks coffee in the morning.
- They usually go for a walk after dinner.
- He often reads books before bed.
- We sometimes eat out on weekends.
- I rarely watch TV in the afternoon.
- She never skips her yoga class.
- He always arrives on time for meetings.
- They usually visit their grandparents on Sundays.
- She often bakes cookies for her kids.
- I sometimes forget to set my alarm.
- He rarely misses his morning jog.
- They never argue in front of their children.
- She always does her homework after school.
- We usually travel during the summer.
- He often plays the guitar in the evening.
- I sometimes help my mom with the cooking.
- They rarely eat fast food.
- She never eats meat.
- He always wears a suit to work.
- We usually go to bed early during the week.
- I often drink tea instead of coffee.
- They sometimes play soccer in the park.
- She rarely goes shopping during the week.
- He never forgets his keys.
- We always have breakfast together on Sundays.
- They usually clean the house on Saturday mornings.
- She often takes the bus to work.
- I sometimes go jogging in the park.
- He rarely drinks soda.
- She never leaves her phone at home.
- They always celebrate their anniversary at the same restaurant.
- We usually attend the same fitness class.
- He often checks his email before bed.
- I sometimes read the news in the morning.
- They rarely take vacations abroad.
- She never eats breakfast.
- He always calls his mother on her birthday.
- We usually bake cookies during the holidays.
- I often take the stairs instead of the elevator.
- They sometimes visit museums on weekends.
- She rarely watches movies at the cinema.
- He never drinks coffee in the evening.
- We always bring snacks on road trips.
- They usually invite friends over for dinner.
- She often knits scarves in the winter.
- I sometimes forget to water the plants.
- He rarely buys new clothes.
- She never drinks alcohol.
- We always plan our vacations months in advance.
- They usually have a picnic in the park in summer.
- She often visits her parents on weekends.
- He sometimes reads the newspaper over breakfast.
- I rarely go to the beach.
- They never miss a family gathering.
- She always brushes her teeth after meals.
- We usually go skiing during the winter.
- He often listens to music while studying.
- I sometimes bake cakes on special occasions.
- They rarely go to bed before midnight.
- She never skips her morning workout.
- He always takes his dog for a walk in the evening.
- We usually cook dinner together.
- They often visit the library.
- I sometimes get up early to watch the sunrise.
- She rarely eats dessert.
- He never forgets to call his friends on their birthdays.
- We always pack lunch for work.
- They usually go hiking on weekends.
- She often writes in her journal before bed.
- I sometimes play board games with my family.
- He rarely drinks milk.
- She never takes the subway to work.
- We always decorate the house for Christmas.
- They usually spend holidays with family.
- She often practices yoga in the morning.
- I sometimes miss the bus.
- He rarely visits the dentist.
- She never eats spicy food.
- We always attend the annual company party.
- They usually go to concerts together.
- She often watches documentaries.
- I sometimes forget my umbrella.
- He rarely eats out.
- She never orders dessert at restaurants.
- We always celebrate New Year’s Eve at home.
- They usually exchange gifts during the holidays.
- She often travels for work.
- I sometimes listen to podcasts on my way to work.
- He rarely drinks coffee in the morning.
- She never watches TV during dinner.
- We always take a family photo during the holidays.
- They usually carpool to work.
- She often volunteers at the animal shelter.
- I sometimes forget to charge my phone.
- He rarely uses social media.
- She never eats chocolate.
- We always buy flowers for birthdays.
- They usually stay up late on weekends.
- She often paints in her free time.
- I sometimes go to the gym after work.
Đọc thêm: 6 cách sử dụng thì hiện tại đơn trong tiếng Anh cơ bản.
Cách thêm “s/es” với động từ ngôi thứ ba số ít
- Thêm s vào các động từ thường.
Ví dụ: play -> plays, work -> works. - Thêm es vào các động từ kết thúc bằng o, ch, sh, ss, x, z.
Ví dụ: go -> goes, watch -> watches. - Động từ kết thúc bằng phụ âm + y, đổi y thành i rồi thêm es.
Ví dụ: study -> studies, fly -> flies.
Một số lưu ý khi sử dụng thì hiện tại đơn
- Ở ngôi thứ ba số ít, cần chú ý động từ phải thêm s hoặc es.
- Động từ to be có dạng am, is, are ở thì hiện tại đơn:
- I am a student.
- He is my brother.
- They are happy.
Bài tập
8 dạng bài tập luyện tập thì hiện tại đơn.
Sử dụng thì hiện tại đơn trong IELTS Writing.
100 câu bài tập các thì hiện tại.
100 câu ví dụ hiện tại đơn thành thạo và bài tập.
100 câu bài tập thì Hiện tại đơn giới hạn 120 phút.
95 câu kiểm tra tổng hợp Hiện tại hoàn thành, hiện tại đơn và thể bị động.
99 câu bài tập về Hiện tại đơn và Hiện tại hoàn thành.
- He (like) __________ coffee.
- She (go) __________ to school every day.
- They (watch) __________ TV in the evening.
- John (play) __________ the guitar very well.
- I (not/like) __________ spinach.
- We (have) __________ a big house.
- She (teach) __________ English at a university.
- The train (leave) __________ at 7 a.m.
- My mother (cook) __________ delicious meals.
- It (rain) __________ a lot in the summer.
- Tom (not/eat) __________ meat.
- You (speak) __________ French very well.
- The sun (rise) __________ in the east.
- Dogs (bark) __________ at strangers.
- I (not/know) __________ the answer.
- She always (get) __________ up early.
- My brother (not/play) __________ football.
- The shop (open) __________ at 9 o’clock.
- Birds (fly) __________ south in the winter.
- He (study) __________ English every day.
- I (live) __________ in a small town.
- The cat (sleep) __________ on the sofa.
- My parents (work) __________ in the same company.
- She (buy) __________ groceries every weekend.
- They (not/go) __________ to the cinema often.
- Water (boil) __________ at 100 degrees Celsius.
- We (not/visit) __________ our grandparents often.
- He (listen) __________ to music every night.
- She (have) __________ a big family.
- The children (not/like) __________ vegetables.
- He (call) __________ his mom every Sunday.
- I (not/believe) __________ in ghosts.
- The baby (cry) __________ when he is hungry.
- We (drive) __________ to work every day.
- They (live) __________ in New York.
- I (not/understand) __________ the question.
- She (wear) __________ glasses.
- He (write) __________ letters to his friends.
- You (work) __________ very hard.
- My sister (not/read) __________ novels.
- The flowers (bloom) __________ in spring.
- The bus (not/stop) __________ here.
- He (play) __________ chess very well.
- They (not/drink) __________ coffee in the evening.
- I (help) __________ my mother with the cooking.
- She (not/like) __________ horror movies.
- We (enjoy) __________ reading books.
- He (catch) __________ the bus at 8 a.m. every day.
- You (not/swim) __________ very well.
- The dog (chase) __________ the cat.
- I (study) __________ English every day.
- She (love) __________ to sing.
- The children (not/go) __________ to bed early.
- He (ride) __________ his bike to school.
- I (not/want) __________ any coffee.
- My father (fix) __________ the car.
- She (not/use) __________ a computer often.
- We (learn) __________ something new every day.
- He (carry) __________ his books to school.
- They (not/watch) __________ TV in the morning.
- I (walk) __________ to work every day.
- She (sing) __________ beautifully.
- The teacher (teach) __________ math.
- The dog (not/bark) __________ at night.
- He (need) __________ to study more.
- I (not/like) __________ to eat fast food.
- The bus (arrive) __________ on time.
- She (paint) __________ very well.
- We (cook) __________ dinner together.
- They (run) __________ in the park.
- He (not/drive) __________ to work.
- My sister (play) __________ the piano.
- I (not/eat) __________ breakfast.
- The baby (sleep) __________ peacefully.
- She (write) __________ in her diary.
- We (travel) __________ to the countryside.
- He (not/wear) __________ a uniform.
- You (need) __________ to be careful.
- The children (draw) __________ pictures.
- I (watch) __________ TV every evening.
- She (listen) __________ to classical music.
- The boys (play) __________ football.
- The teacher (not/speak) __________ loudly.
- He (not/take) __________ the train to work.
- She (swim) __________ in the lake.
- We (not/eat) __________ dinner late.
- He (wash) __________ his car every weekend.
- I (not/drink) __________ soda.
- The train (depart) __________ at 9 a.m.
- She (play) __________ tennis very well.
- We (visit) __________ our grandparents every summer.
- He (not/eat) __________ vegetables.
- You (study) __________ very hard.
- They (go) __________ to the park every Sunday.
- She (read) __________ books every evening.
- He (not/buy) __________ new clothes often.
- We (exercise) __________ every morning.
- The sun (not/shine) __________ at night.
- The dog (run) __________ very fast.
- I (not/drink) __________ alcohol.
Đáp án
- He likes coffee.
- She goes to school every day.
- They watch TV in the evening.
- John plays the guitar very well.
- I do not like spinach.
- We have a big house.
- She teaches English at a university.
- The train leaves at 7 a.m.
- My mother cooks delicious meals.
- It rains a lot in the summer.
- Tom does not eat meat.
- You speak French very well.
- The sun rises in the east.
- Dogs bark at strangers.
- I do not know the answer.
- She always gets up early.
- My brother does not play football.
- The shop opens at 9 o’clock.
- Birds fly south in the winter.
- He studies English every day.
- I live in a small town.
- The cat sleeps on the sofa.
- My parents work in the same company.
- She buys groceries every weekend.
- They do not go to the cinema often.
- Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.
- We do not visit our grandparents often.
- He listens to music every night.
- She has a big family.
- The children do not like vegetables.
- He calls his mom every Sunday.
- I do not believe in ghosts.
- The baby cries when he is hungry.
- We drive to work every day.
- They live in New York.
- I do not understand the question.
- She wears glasses.
- He writes letters to his friends.
- You work very hard.
- My sister does not read novels.
- The flowers bloom in spring.
- The bus does not stop here.
- He plays chess very well.
- They do not drink coffee in the evening.
- I help my mother with the cooking.
- She does not like horror movies.
- We enjoy reading books.
- He catches the bus at 8 a.m. every day.
- You do not swim very well.
- The dog chases the cat.
- I study English every day.
- She loves to sing.
- The children do not go to bed early.
- He rides his bike to school.
- I do not want any coffee.
- My father fixes the car.
- She does not use a computer often.
- We learn something new every day.
- He carries his books to school.
- They do not watch TV in the morning.
- I walk to work every day.
- She sings beautifully.
- The teacher teaches math.
- The dog does not bark at night.
- He needs to study more.
- I do not like to eat fast food.
- The bus arrives on time.
- She paints very well.
- We cook dinner together.
- They run in the park.
- He does not drive to work.
- My sister plays the piano.
- I do not eat breakfast.
- The baby sleeps peacefully.
- She writes in her diary.
- We travel to the countryside.
- He does not wear a uniform.
- You need to be careful.
- The children draw pictures.
- I watch TV every evening.
- She listens to classical music.
- The boys play football.
- The teacher does not speak loudly.
- He does not take the train to work.
- She swims in the lake.
- We do not eat dinner late.
- He washes his car every weekend.
- I do not drink soda.
- The train departs at 9 a.m.
- She plays tennis very well.
- We visit our grandparents every summer.
- He does not eat vegetables.
- You study very hard.
- They go to the park every Sunday.
- She reads books every evening.
- He does not buy new clothes often.
- We exercise every morning.
- The sun does not shine at night.
- The dog runs very fast.
- I do not drink alcohol.